The Daily Chemist

A place for Europian Chemists to meet

Wednesday, October 18, 2006

Element 118 Created, Scientists Report


A U.S. and Russian team said Monday that it had created element 118, the heaviest known to date. It is the fifth ultra-heavy element produced by the team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, which has come to dominate the creation of short-lived elements. Although they produced only three atoms of element 118, and each lasted for less than a thousandth of a second, the team said that there is less than one chance in 10,000 of mistaken identity. A team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced in 1999 that they had created element 118 by a different route, but those results were shown to have been fabricated by physicist Victor Ninov, who was eventually fired by Berkeley. 'We selected a completely different nuclear reaction, performed with completely different people in a different laboratory,' said physicist Ken Moody of Livermore, who led the American team, at a Monday news conference. 'Everything we do is checked and double-checked.' Their findings will be published today in the journal Physical Review C. The discovery has no immediate application, but brings researchers closer to discovering what theoretical physicists have described as an 'island of stability' - a group of ultra-heavy elements that may survive minutes, or even hours, compared to the fractions of a second now seen with the heaviest creations. That would allow researchers time to begin to understand the chemistry of the elements, perhaps even to discover some unique new chemical properties. 'I think of this like any other journey to a new place,' said physicist Nancy Stoyer, a member of the Livermore team. 'Finding it is something new, something interesting. At some point, we will no longer be able to discover new elements. We will reach the end of what we can find.' The team used a cyclotron at Dubna to bombard the man-made element californium-249 with ions of calcium-48. In two separate experiments, they bombarded the target with 40,000,000,000,000,000,000 ions, producing three atoms of element 118. Each atom had 118 protons and 179 neutrons in its nucleus, giving it an atomic weight of 297. The element was characterized by observing its radioactive disintegration. Each atom first spit out an alpha particle - composed of two protons and two neutrons - to become the previously known element 116. That element, in turn, spit out another alpha particle to become element 114, and then another to become element 112. Element 112 fissioned into two atoms of roughly equal size. Element 118 would fall directly below radon in the periodic table of the elements and is thus expected to be a so-called noble gas. Only 92 elements exist in nature, but physicists have produced 18 more that have been officially recognized and named. The Livermore-Dubna team has also created elements 113, 114, 115 and 116, but none of those has yet been officially recognized, named and placed in the periodic table because the work has not been replicated by other researchers. The team will now try to produce element 120 by bombarding a plutonium target with a beam of iron ions.

Heavier elements will require the construction of a new accelerator, the Rare Isotope Accelerator. But work on that accelerator, which will be built at either Michigan State University or the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, has been delayed by lack of funding.
Source:

Sunday, September 17, 2006

The Perkin reaction: Synthesis of cinammic acid according to Perkin

first a base reacts with the anydrit








then the reaction goes like this

Friday, March 24, 2006

New coating protects steel and superalloys

An electron micrograph of a coated 316 stainless steel coupon in cross-section shows the diffusion-reaction layers. Starting from the left hand side of the photo, which is the surface of the steel the following layers are visible: 1) Aluminum oxide outer layer (not visible at lower magnifications) 2) FeAl layer, 3) Fe3Al inner layer, and 4) 316SS.


Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a new ceramic-based coating for steel and superalloys that prevents corrosion, oxidation, carburization and sulfidation that commonly occur in gas, liquid, steam and other hostile environments.


The low-cost, easy-to-apply material is available for licensing and joint research opportunities through Battelle, which operates PNNL for the Department of Energy and facilitates the transfer of lab-created technologies to the marketplace.

The new coating bonds with the metal substrate and is “resilient, inexpensive and simple,” said PNNL scientist Chuck Henager. Because the coating is fabricated at significantly lower temperatures than typically required for conventional ceramic coatings, the new process also can save energy and reduce harmful emissions, he said.

Researchers created the coating by mixing a liquid preceramic polymer with aluminum metal-flake powders to form a slurry that can be applied to a metal object by dipping, painting or air-spraying. A low-temperature curing process follows, using a commercial Ruthenium-based catalyst that enables polymer cross-linking and dries the slurry to a green state.

The coated steel is then heated in air, nitrogen or argon at 700 to 900 degrees Celsius. The heat converts the green state layer into an aluminum diffusion/reaction layer that permeates surface of the steel and provides an aluminide surface coating on the steel.

According to PNNL Commercialization Manager Eric Lund, the diffusion reaction makes the coating so durable that it can’t be chipped or scratched off.

The reaction layer on the surface of the steel is much stronger than an external coating because it is an integral part of the steel, Henager said. This layer develops during use as the coating is heated at very high temperatures, such as those that occur with the heating of pipes in a process facility.

Unlike similar products, the liquid form of the coating can be applied with a spray gun. This feature makes the PNNL coating practical for protecting large areas, researchers said.
Source: www.physorg.com

Thursday, March 23, 2006

Merck Signs With Two Biotech Firms

Big drug company enters agreements for pain management and antihypertensive drugs

Merck & Co. has entered pain management and antihypertensive drug development deals with two biopharmaceutical companies.

Merck will work with Neuromed Pharmaceuticals of Conshohoken, Pa., to research, develop, and commercialize compounds that treat pain by selectively targeting the N-type calcium channel. The deal includes Neuromed’s lead compound, NMED-160, a small molecule that is in Phase II development. According to Neuromed, the drug works by blocking calcium channels located in the membrane at the synapse between two communicating neurons.

Under the agreement, Merck will make an initial $25 million cash payment to Neuromed and provide two years' worth of funding as part of a collaborative research program. Neuromed will receive milestone payments of $202 million if NMED-160 is launched for one indication and a total of approximately $450 million if further indications are developed and more compounds are launched.

Dennis W. Choi, Merck's executive vice president for neurosciences, says the partnership "complements the considerable internal research taking place at Merck to develop much-needed new medicines for pain."

Meanwhile, Merck has signed an agreement with the French biopharmaceutical company NicOx to develop new antihypertensive drugs based on NicOx's nitric oxide-donating technology. The deal, which follows a research collaboration between the two firms, calls for NicOx to receive an upfront payment of $11.2 million and potential milestone payments of $340 million.

The agreement covers nitric oxide-donating derivatives of several major antihypertensive classes. The companies say their earlier research showed that nitric oxide donation can improve the efficacy of antihypertensive agents ininn vivo models.

NicOx recently granted Pfizer exclusive rights to use its nitric oxide-donating technology for the discovery and development of ophthalmology products
Source: Chemical and Engineering news

Friday, March 03, 2006

Nobel Museum and Nobel Prizes



The nobel prize is the ultimate science prize
If you want to learn more about it you follow this shortcut
http://nobelprize.org/

Element 126

Element 126 (E126) should readily form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine, according to a theoretical study of the chemical properties of the as-yet-unsynthesized superheavy element (J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, 071102).

The molecule (E126F) is unique in that it contains an atom with a g atomic orbital that is predicted to be occupied with valence electrons in the atom's ground state. The study further predicts that the g-orbital electrons are involved in forming molecular orbitals, a bonding configuration that may impart distinct chemical properties.

Decades-old predictions of enhanced stability of E126 relative to other transactinide nuclides suggest that, if atoms of the element (with 126 protons and 184 neutrons) can be synthesized, they may persist long enough for their chemical properties to be probed experimentally.

Gulzari L. Malli of Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, is studying E126 computationally. Using relativistic methods, he finds the molecule's dissociation energy to be about 7.5 eV, 3 eV less than he finds with nonrelativistic methods. This result highlights the effects of relativity, which can strongly alter the properties of heavy elements.

Cautioning that the conclusions need to be verified by additional studies, Walter D. Loveland, a professor of nuclear chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, describes the work as "noteworthy." The "promise of g-electron chemistry adds to the interest in the formidable task of synthesizing the element," Loveland remarks. "Studies like this of 'relativity in a test tube' extend the frontiers of both chemistry and physics."
Source: Chemical & Engineering News

Scientists capture the speediest ever motion in a molecule

Their capturing of the movements of the lightest and therefore speediest components of a molecule will allow scientists to study molecular behaviour previously too fast to be detected. It gives a new in-depth understanding of how molecules behave in chemical processes, providing opportunities for greater study and control of molecules, including the organic molecules that are the building blocks of life.

The high speed at which protons can travel during chemical reactions means their motion needs to be measured in units of time called 'attoseconds', with one attosecond equating to one billion-billionth of a second. The team's observation of proton motion with an accuracy of 100 attoseconds in hydrogen and methane molecules is the fastest ever recorded.

Dr John Tisch of Imperial College London says: "Slicing up a second into intervals as miniscule as 100 attoseconds, as our new technique enables us to do, is extremely hard to conceptualise. It's like chopping up the 630 million kilometres from here to Jupiter into pieces as wide as a human hair."

Professor Jon Marangos, Director of the Blackett Laboratory Laser Consortium at Imperial, says this new technique means scientists will now be able to measure and control the ultra-fast dynamics of molecules.

He says: "Control of this kind underpins an array of future technologies, such as control of chemical reactions, quantum computing and high brightness x-ray light sources for material processing. We now have a much clearer insight into what is happening within molecules and this allows us to carry out more stringent testing of theories of molecular structure and motion. This is likely to lead to improved methods of molecular synthesis and the nano-fabrication of a new generation of materials."

Lead author Dr Sarah Baker of Imperial College believes that the technique is also exciting because of its experimental simplicity. She says: "We are very excited by these results, not only because we have 'watched' motion occurring faster than was previously possible, but because we have achieved this using a compact and simple technique that will make such study accessible to scientists around the world."

To make this breakthrough, scientists used a specially built laser system capable of producing extremely brief pulses of light. This pulsed light has an oscillating electrical field that exerts a powerful force on the electrons surrounding the protons, repeatedly tearing them from the molecule and driving them back into it.

This process causes the electrons to carry a large amount of energy, which they release as an x-ray photon before returning to their original state. How bright this x-ray is depends on how far the protons move in the time between the electrons' removal and return. The further the proton moves, the lower the intensity of the x-ray, allowing the team to measure how far a proton has moved during the electron oscillation period.
Source: Imperial College London

Thursday, March 02, 2006

Nanotube networks conjured on crystals




The key to instantly assembling intricate networks of nanotubes has been discovered by scientists armed with some of the most sophisticated microscopes in the world. The phenomenon may one-day help create tiny nano-circuits that let electrons pass through nano-pipes instead of along silicon wires.

Erdmann Spiecker and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in California, US, along with Wolfgang Jäger at Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany, used several high-powered microscopes to study a nanoscale phenomenon previously observed in the laboratory but not well understood.

The researchers watched as copper was deposited onto a layered crystal of vanadium selenide, causing complex networks of nano-piping to suddenly pop up on top of the crystal. Each of the nanotubes is 30 nanometres – 30 billionths of a metre – across and together they form roughly hexagonal shapes on top of the crystal, each about 100 nanometres in diameter.

It had been previously suggested that such nano-pipes might be created as cracks form on the crystal surface as the copper layer is applied. But the US-German researchers saw that the nano-pipes actually form when the top layer of the crystal buckles upwards to relieve the molecular strain caused by the deposition of the metal.

Phase change
They used a low-energy electron microscope (LEEM) to observe the vanadium selenide crystal layers during copper deposition. Then they employed another powerful instrument – a high-resolution transmission electron microscope – to watch as the surface structures emerged.

The researchers think the phenomenon depends on the nature of the underlying crystal, which exhibits strong bonds within its layers but weak ones in between layers.

"We believe we are observing a chemical reaction, involving a phase change in the lattice structure of the surface layers," Spiecker says. This “intercalation phase” is when the copper atoms get lodged between the crystal molecules in the surface layer but do not penetrate further. This is thought to create the tension which causes the buckling of the layer to create the tubes.

A better understanding of the phenomenon may someday help material scientists manufacture nano-circuits that channel electrons through tiny tunnels instead of along silicon wires, which have to be etched lithographically. Such circuits would be many times smaller than today's, allowing greater computer power to be packed into chips of the same dimensions.

"Rather relying on lithographic methods, [this technique] exploits some engineered defects that spontaneously form a structure upon processing," says Mark Welland at Cambridge University's Nanoscience Centre in the UK. "Although there is a big step to making a useful device or material, it opens up some interesting possibilities."
Properties:www.newscientist.com

Funny chemistry jokes

How many organic chemists does it take to change a light bulb?
None. That's what electrochemists are for!


How many physical chemists does it take to change a light bulb?
Only one, but he'll change it three times, plot a straight line through
the data, and then extrapolate to zero concentration.

Association of Greek Chemists

So some things about the Association of greek chemistsThe Association of Greek Chemists is the chemical society of Greek Chemists. It was founded in 1924, is a legal authority under the supervision of the Ministry of Development , and is, according to its constitutional law, an official advisor to the state on Chemistry matters.

Its aim is to promote the science of Chemistry in industry, education and research within the country and abroad, and thus contribute to the economic, social and cultural development of Greece. Also, its goal is to promote the chemical profession in the country, protect the benefits and the professional rights of chemists, and contribute to the collaboration and solidarity among its members.

The Association of Greek Chemists has approximately 14000 registered members who are all University graduates and is the only scientific organization that is representing legally the Greek Chemists in state committees in the country and abroad.

Its activities are traditionally connected with the academic, scientific and professional life: organizing scientific and professional events, meetings, conferences, symposia, seminars and courses. The AGC publishes the monthly journal Chimika Chronika, first published in 1936, a general edition in Greek which is distributed to all registered members. The Society participates through its representatives to a number of National councils such as:


- The Supreme Chemistry Council
- The National Council of Accreditation
- The National Advisory Board on Research
- The National Council on Health and Safety
- The National Council of Certification
- The National Council of Higher Education
-The National Council of Quality and Development Å
-The National Council of Recognition of Professional Equivalence of titles of Universities
- The National Council of Policy of Food's Control

You can accessw the site in English as well in Greek too!
Source:www.eex.gr

RNA Molecules Made to Create Tiny New Inorganic Particles

Electron micrograph images of palladium particles formed in the presence of cycle 0 pool modified RNA (left) and the cycle 8 RNA pool (middle and right).

Scientists at North Carolina State University have discovered that RNA can be used to create tiny, novel, inorganic particles.
Dr. Daniel Feldheim, associate professor of chemistry, Dr. Bruce Eaton, professor of chemistry, and doctoral student Lina Gugliotti used a new technique to coax specific sequences of lab-manufactured ribonucleic acid to catalyze the synthesis of an inorganic material – in this case palladium – into hexagonally-shaped particles less than a millionth of a meter in size.
Particles like these cannot be easily produced by other known methods, the researchers say. The research could speed the discovery of new materials for many applications, including electronic devices and fuel cells.
The research appears in the April 16 issue of Science.
The NC State researchers found that these particle formations occurred rapidly, with most forming within one minute. They also discovered that only very small amounts of metal – and even smaller amounts of RNA – were required for particle growth.
Feldheim and Eaton say the technique allows them to “harness evolution in a beaker.”
“The method exploits the ability of RNA to evolve in response to selection pressures,” Feldheim said. “In this case we forced RNA sequences to evolve to form palladium nanoparticles that cannot be formed in the absence of RNA.”
“This research shows RNA as a ‘smart’ catalyst because it can be replicated,” Eaton said. “Most other catalysts can’t be replicated.”
The researchers have applied for a provisional methods patent on the technique used to form the inorganic particles. Future work will center on explaining how the process works and creating particles with other inorganic materials.
Research funding came from NC State and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Much of the statistical work on the project was accomplished in the university’s Genome Research Lab.
Properties:NC State University
Source:www.ncsu.edu

Chemical Knot: Scientists assemble legendary symbol by interlocking molecules


In a feat of chemistry imitating art, researchers have created a molecular version of a Borromean knot, an attractive pattern of three interlocking rings that commonly adorned Viking art and Renaissance architecture. Other chemists have created a multiply linked molecule that looks like an eight-petal flower.
The fascination among chemists with creating interlocking molecules runs deep. For decades, researchers have been coercing molecules into various ringlike structures, primarily as an exercise in gaining better control over chemical building blocks. Making molecular versions of Borromean rings poses formidable challenges for chemists because no pair of rings is linked unless the third ring is present. So, if any one of the rings gets severed, the entire construction falls apart.

"We told ourselves if we could make Borromean rings, we could make just about any kind of interlocking structure," says Stuart Cantrill of the University of California, Los Angeles. In the May 28 Science, Cantrill and his colleagues, led by UCLA chemist Fraser Stoddart, describe their strategy for producing this complex structure. The researchers designed 12 separate molecular chains, each one representing a quarter of a ring. The chains, made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, were designed such that, once in solution, they would spontaneously assemble into the Borromean configuration.

To guide the assembly, the researchers dissolved a bit of zinc in the solution and heated it. The electrically charged zinc ions served as a template around which the chains organized themselves. The final three-dimensional structure encompassed 6 zinc ions and the 12 chains, all combined into the world's smallest Borromean rings.

When X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed that the 2.5-nanometer-wide molecular structures were indeed Borromean rings, Cantrill and the rest of the UCLA team were elated.

"The hard part was coming up with the strategy so that all the pieces would slip into place," Cantrill says. Repeating the experiment, he adds, is relatively easy.

Reporting in the same issue of Science, a team from Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, describes its synthesis of an eight-ring molecular structure. Volker Böhmer and his colleagues used a multistep process to link two loops, each one made of four rings in a configuration resembling a four-leaf clover. Each ring in one four-ring loop interlocked with two rings in the other loop, and vice versa.

"This is very clever and very elegant work," says organic chemist Jay Siegel of the University of Zurich. Chemists have "only just begun to explore what kind of functions these ring structures might have," he notes. He challenges the researchers to find applications for their chemical creations.

Böhmer muses that his eight-ring configuration could serve as a drug-delivery vehicle by encapsulating a medicinal molecule and releasing it on cue. And the UCLA group recently began investigating the electronic and magnetic properties of its rings. By replacing the zinc with another metal, such as copper or cobalt, and exposing the rings to an electric field, scientists might make it possible for the Borromean rings to store bits of computer data in a minuscule space, says Cantrill.
Source:www.sciencenews.org

Geometrically Restrained INorganic Structure Prediction Software

In this site you can find a programm that uses an algorithm to predict geometrical inorganic structures
http://sdpd.univ-lemans.fr/grinsp/
It has samples for some compounds' predictions

Journal of Chemical Education



Site address to the journal of chemical education
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/index.html

Foto of the month


HRTEM Art: FFT filtered and processed image of the hexagonal network of a defect rich multiwalled carbon nanofiber
Properties:Department of inorganic Chemistry Max Planck
http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/ac/index.html

Hellenic Pasteur Institute


This is the address of the Hellenic Pasteur Institute
The site is provided in Greek as well as in English and French

http://www.pasteur.gr/index.asp

Mycampus.gr and IQ magazine

www.mycampus.gr has been made by a team of students, those that publish the only monthly Greek student magazine, IQ Magazine.
This site is in Greek.
Its really interesting

Chemistry related free Software


http://users.ugent.be/~tkuppens/chem/

In the above site you can find the work of chemistry programmer,Tom Kuppens.
Unfortunately he has stoped at the time but i think you can come upon some really intresting software regarding chemistry

The Hazard signs for you to know

Biohazard sign
Environmental Hazard Sign
Explosive Material Sign
Toxic Chemical Sign
Nonpotable Water Sign
Open Flame Prohibited Sign
Corrosive Materials Sign
Electrical Hazard Sign
Combustible Materials Sign
Flammable Symbol

Wednesday, March 01, 2006

Analytical chemistry


Here is a url to the analytical chemistry magazine
http://acsinfo.acs.org/journals/ancham/#

Nobelist Stripped of Dutch Institutes due to Nazi Colaboration


Documentary evidence that chemistry Nobel Laureate Peter J. W. Debye may have been a Nazi collaborator in Berlin in the 1930s has led a university in the Netherlands to remove his name from its Debye Institute of Physics & Chemistry of Nanomaterials & Interfaces. Another university in Maastricht, the Netherlands, has reportedly dropped the name of Debye from a scientific award.

Utrecht University spokesman Ludo Koks says a book about physics Nobel Laureate Albert Einstein, published in January, led to the university’s decision to “abandon” the Debye name from its physics and chemistry institute. Evidence in the book, he says, includes a letter that Debye signed in 1938 in which he orders, in the name of the German authorities, Jewish coworkers of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin to leave the organization.

“The University Board contacted the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) to verify this,” Koks says. “NIOD found it reliable.”

Debye, who died in 1966, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936 for his contributions to the study of molecular structure, primarily his work on dipole moments and X-ray diffraction. According to several biographies, Debye left Nazi Germany for the U.S. in 1939 after he refused to become a German citizen. In 1940, he became head of the chemistry department at Cornell University, which became a leader in solid-state research largely due to his influence.

The book, available only in Dutch, is “Einstein in the Netherlands” by Berlin-based science writer Sybe I. Rispens. Rispens tells C&EN that his archival research on Einstein and his relationship with Debye reveals that “Debye showed himself to be an extreme opportunist during the Nazi period.” As in the letter expelling Jews from the physics institute that Debye directed, Rispens says, Debye, in most of his correspondence, “shows himself as a willing helper of the regime, signing dozens of letters with ‘heil Hitler.’ There are no signs that he acted involuntarily or was threatened by the Nazis.”

Rispens says his discoveries about Debye were the result of trying to find out why Einstein—who had held Debye in high scientific esteem—changed his mind so much about the chemist. “In 1940, Einstein did something he never did before or after: He tried to ban Debye from an academic position in the U.S. The letter in which Einstein tried to appeal to his fellow U.S. colleagues to ‘do whatever they find is their duty,’ was found by me in the Einstein archives in summer 2005 and has been, as far as I know, never published before.”

Of the recent actions regarding Debye in the Netherlands, Rispens says, “they made their decision to drop the name from the institute of physics in Utrecht and a prize named after Debye in his hometown, Maastricht, within three weeks after publication of the book. This has stunned me quite a bit and, as a matter of fact, gives me mixed feelings.”

The American Chemical Society presents a Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry sponsored by DuPont. ACS Grants & Awards Chair C. Gordon McCarty says, “The ACS Board Committee on Grants & Awards is aware of the situation and the developing story and is considering what the impact will be on the ACS national award named for Peter Debye.”

“The University of Utrecht is fully aware of the eminent scientific work of Peter Debye,” Koks says. “Moreover, historical research is needed to fully understand Debye’s role before and during the Second World War. Still, the University Board thinks, with due observance of recent knowledge, the name of Debye is no longer compatible with the image of one of our leading research institutes.”
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/

Hydrogen Tunneling and Protein Motion in Enzyme Reactions

Here you can find a free article on Hydrogen Tunneling and protein motion in Enzyme Reactions
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/achre4/2006/39/i02/html/ar040199a.html
You can also find more in this site http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/newscenter.html
Thanks to www.chemistry.org

Some nice tools

http://www.chemie.de/tools/mm.php3?language=e
This is a tool with wich you can calculate the moleocular mass
For Acronyms and Abbreviations of Chemical Compound Names Here
http://www.chemie.de/tools/acronym.php3?language=e
Thanks to http://www.chemie.de/?language=e for the links

The periodic table


Here is the periodic table of elements for all you to use

A little bit of magic

So some things chemistry has taught me is that any magic has its base in chemistry, math and physics. Par excelance how can anyone make disapearing inc?
The answere is purely simple
You make a basic solution with thymolphthalein or phenolopthalein indicators for blue and red.
When the solution comes to the acidic enviromental air the indicator goes fromn color to colorless due to the exposure to the air.
Its just so simple

My Chemistry Department

So some things about me:
I study Chemistry in a small city of Greece, Ioannina, which is in the northwest part of Greece and the capital of Epirus Perfecture. Im about to graduate so with hopes and fears i await the big time.
The department of Chemistry was founded in 1977and since then it has given about 2500 bachelor degrees, as well ass master and doctorate degrees.
It has four sectors and 7 sector laboratories
The sectors are:
1.Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
2.Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
3.Physical Chemistry
4.Industrial and Food Chemistry
and the 7 laboratories are the ones that are sone above
a url to the university is
www.uoi.gr
See you all later The Daily Chemist

Wlcome to the daily chemist

This is a place where chemist can meet and post their articles and or post whatever they want
At the mean time keep in mind that this blog comes from Greece and yet its not necessery to get into political or religious acts
The blog will be coming with chemistry feedback really really soon